Garifuna Learning Academy

gumúlali

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gumúlali



Definitions

  1. EN: Smoke. Smoke. (silver)

Morphological structure

`gumúlali` combines: the root **`gumúl`** + the suffix **`-ali`** (PRF.STATE: perfect/resultative aspect — denotes a current state resulting from a completed action.).

Position Form Label Function Academic source
suffix -ali PRF.STATE perfect/resultative aspect — denotes a current state resulting from a completed action. Grammar_of_Garifuna p138; Stark

Framework: Haurholm-Larsen et al. — *A Grammar of Garifuna*; Stark *Person Marking*; Barchas-Lichtenstein; Munro *Negatives in Garifuna*; documented in 02_paradigms/

Example sentences (4)

  • Garifuna: Híngiti gumúlali luwéigiyen sígaru.
    English: Cigarette smoke stinks.
    Spanish: El humo del cigarrillo apesta.
    Source: Garifuna Verified Sentences Corpus (community-hand-verified)
  • Garifuna: Furigüda lumuti gumúlali maba wéwegiñe láu furései.
    English: The smoke drives the bees out from the tree quickly.
    Spanish: El humo expulsa rápidamente a las abejas del árbol.
    Source: Garifuna Verified Sentences Corpus (community-hand-verified)
  • Public text withheld.
    This example is retained as a private evidence pointer only. Public restricted-corpus text is not displayed unless a separate cleared publication lane exists.
    Source: restricted evidence pointer — rights-gated public display.
  • Public text withheld.
    This example is retained as a private evidence pointer only. Public restricted-corpus text is not displayed unless a separate cleared publication lane exists.
    Source: restricted evidence pointer — rights-gated public display.

    • Rights gate: 2 restricted examples are withheld from public display under the project rights policy.

Cross-source corroboration (2 sources)

  • Hererun_Wagüchagu_Dimurei_Agei_Garifuna
    Hererun Wagüchagu Dimurei Agei Garífuna — used with respect for the work; full author permission outreach pending.

This headword is corroborated by 2 foundation source(s); 1 are named publicly. Additional corroborators contribute to confidence scoring but are not named in this public output due to permission scope.

Academic paradigm citations (Haurholm-Larsen framework)
  • Haurholm-Larsen, S. *A Grammar of Garifuna*. Brill (2016).
  • Haurholm-Larsen, S. *Clitics, affixes, and wordhood in Garifuna*.
  • Stark, T. *Person marking in Garifuna* (Stanford).
  • Munro, P. *Negatives in Garifuna*.
  • Barchas-Lichtenstein, J. *Garifuna* (Ph.D. dissertation).
  • Cayetano, E. R. *Towards a Common Garifuna Orthography* (NGC, 1992).

This entry is presented as part of an open lexicographic research project on the Garifuna language. Linguistic facts such as headword identity, morphology labels, and corroboration counts are treated separately from source-authored text. Source text, glosses, examples, and attributions follow the rights lane and per-source notice above.

Rights notice: Source-specific rights apply. Public distribution is limited to non-commercial Garifuna language-preservation use with attribution. This build does not sublicense Suazo/Lila-derived content under Creative Commons or any other open license until written estate confirmation is obtained.


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